Brode fireball evolution

Brode fireball evolution is a computational framework for predicting the physical scaling, thermal output, and shock wave formation of nuclear detonations.

Developed by physicist Harold L. Brode at the RAND Corporation, this technology provides the mathematical foundation for modeling the life cycle of a nuclear fireball from microsecond-scale X-ray emission to late-stage hydrodynamic expansion. The model tracks the transition from radiative growth—where soft X-rays heat surrounding air into a transparent plasma—to the formation of a case shock that eventually overtakes the radiation front. By integrating variables like yield, burst altitude, and air density, Brode’s equations allow operators to calculate precise thermal radiation flux and overpressure profiles. These specifics are critical for assessing structural vulnerability and predicting the 'superfire' effects that often exceed initial blast damage in urban environments.

https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3026.html